The article outlines how a successful modern foreign policy career requires blending traditional diplomatic expertise with private sector acumen. Juster's career trajectory—from international law to high-stakes diplomacy (e.g., the Gulf War) and subsequently to the technology sector—demonstrates this synthesis. Key evidence includes his work managing complex negotiations under duress and his involvement in co-founding the U.S.-India High Technology Group. The implication for policy is that effective geopolitical strategy must actively integrate private sector knowledge and technological considerations to manage modern economic and security challenges.
Immigrants’ Recent Effects on Government Budgets: 1994–2023
English Summary
From 1994 to 2023, U.S. immigrants—including both legal and undocumented populations—generated a cumulative fiscal surplus of $14.5 trillion, significantly reducing national budget deficits and lowering the debt-to-GDP ratio. This positive impact stems from immigrants' higher labor force participation rates and higher per capita tax contributions combined with lower consumption of government benefits like Social Security and education compared to the U.S.-born population. The study concludes that immigration has functioned as a critical buffer against a national debt crisis, suggesting that restrictive immigration policies would likely exacerbate fiscal instability rather than resolve it.
中文摘要
1994年至2023年間，包括合法與無證人口在內的美國移民共創造了14.5兆美元的累積財政盈餘，顯著減少了國家預算赤字並降低了債務佔GDP的比率。這種積極影響源於移民較高的勞動力參與率和人均稅收貢獻，且相較於美國本土出生人口，他們對社會安全和教育等政府福利的消耗較低。研究結論指出，移民已成為應對國家債務危機的關鍵緩衝，並暗示限制性移民政策可能會加劇財政不穩定，而非解決問題。
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