The article outlines how a successful modern foreign policy career requires blending traditional diplomatic expertise with private sector acumen. Juster's career trajectory—from international law to high-stakes diplomacy (e.g., the Gulf War) and subsequently to the technology sector—demonstrates this synthesis. Key evidence includes his work managing complex negotiations under duress and his involvement in co-founding the U.S.-India High Technology Group. The implication for policy is that effective geopolitical strategy must actively integrate private sector knowledge and technological considerations to manage modern economic and security challenges.
Simpler Is Better for Autograders: Toward Cost-Effective LLM Evaluations for Open-Ended Tasks
English Summary
This RAND report addresses the bottleneck of evaluating large language models (LLMs) in open-ended tasks, which is typically constrained by the high cost and slow speed of expert human grading. The analysis tested five autograding methods and found that the simple 'single rubric' approach consistently outperformed complex techniques like metaprompting or prompt optimization. This method achieves a statistically significant reduction in error while matching or exceeding the accuracy of nonexpert human graders, but at a fraction of the time and cost. Policymakers should adopt single-rubric autograders as the default, scalable solution to enable cost-effective and reliable LLM evaluation across diverse domains.
中文摘要
這份RAND報告探討了評估大型語言模型（LLMs）在開放式任務中的瓶頸問題，該瓶頸通常受限於專家人工評分的高成本和低效率。分析測試了五種自動評分方法，發現簡單的「單一評分標準」（single rubric）方法，持續優於諸如元提示（metaprompting）或提示優化（prompt optimization）等複雜技術。此方法在顯著降低錯誤率的同時，其準確性可與非專家人工評分相當甚至超越，但所需的時間和成本卻大大降低。政策制定者應將單一評分標準的自動評分器作為預設的、可擴展的解決方案，以實現跨多領域、具成本效益且可靠的LLM評估。
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